01+Adele

**Environmentalism **is the activity of protecting the environment from pollution or destruction. //Environmentalism and environmental concerns are represented by the colour green.//
 * ESS Holiday Homework Part 1 **


 * Environmental Value Systems **


 * Deep Ecology **is a radical environmental movement and philosophy that regards humans as equal to other organisms within the global ecosystem. //Deep ecology’s core principle is the belief that, like humanity, the living environment as a whole has the same right to live and flourish.//


 * TNCs **(Transnational Corporations) are firms which own or control production facilities in more than one country through direct foreign investment. //In the mid-1980s, transnational corporations accounted for 14% of UK employment and 30% of UK exports.//


 * The Industrial Revolution **was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. //In Europe, the Industrial Revolution of the early 1800s produced goods and services for all but this demanded the burning of large amounts of fuel in the form of trees and coal, and the mining of minerals from the earth to make machines and lime for cement.//


 * Green Revolution **refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between 1943 and the 1960s that increased industrialized agricultural production in India; however, the yield to increase has also occurred worldwide. //The Green Revolution of the 1940s to 1960s mechanized agriculture and boosted food production massively but required the building of machinery and burning of enormous amounts of fossil fuels such as oil.//


 * Conservationist **refers to a person who advocates or strongly promotes preservation and careful management of natural resources and of the environment. //A few early conservationists spoke out about the loss of “wilderness” areas but, more generally this time, the attitude of the day that was that the world contained an infinite supply of resources, a land of plenty.//


 * Preservationist **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">refers to a person who advocates the protection of a natural environment with minimal human intervention. //“Teddy” Roosevelt worked with naturalist, John Muir, perhaps the first preservationist.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Stewardship **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">is an ethic than embodies cooperative planning and management of environmental resources with organizations, communities and others to actively engage in the prevention of loss of habitat and facilitate its recovery in the interest of long-term sustainability. //He pioneered the concept of environmental stewardship, our duty being to benefit from and protect nature.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">The Modern Environmental Movement, **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">a term that includes the conservation and green politics, is a diverse scientific, social and political movement for addressing environmental issues since the 1960s. //The modern environmental movement is represented by a range of organizations, from the large to grassroots.//

<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">**<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Intergovernmental bodies/ organisations ** <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">(abbreviated IGOs)


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Pressure Groups **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems. //There have been many significant pressure groups throughout history, including The American Israel Lobby and The British Medical Association.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">NGOs **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">(non-governmental organisations) are organisations that operate independently from the local, state or federal government. //Examples of NGOs include Doctors without borders, Amnesty International, World Organisation Against Torture, Greenpeace and Oxfam.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Anthropogenic **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">effects, processes or materials are those that are derived from human activities, as opposed to those occurring in biophysical environments without human influence. //In geography and ecology, anthropization is the conversion of open spaces, landscapes and natural environments by human action.//


 * //<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Silent Spring //** <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">is a book written by **Rachel Carson** which documents the detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on birds. //Rachel Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically. ‘Silent Spring’ was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by editors of Discover Magazine.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Minamata **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">is a city located in Kumamoto, Japan. The city developed a strange disease now known as Minamata Disease, which is caused by severe mercury poisoning (1956). Mercury was present in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation’s chemical factory. //As of March 21, 2,265 victims of Minamata Disease had been officially recognized.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Bhopal **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the location of the world’s worst industrial catastrophe (2-3 December 1984). A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from the Union Carbide India Limited plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people. //The official immediate death toll was 2,259 and the government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Chernobyl **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">is a city in north central Ukraine; site of a major disaster at a nuclear power plant (26 April 1986). //The disaster occurred during an unauthorized systems test and it is estimated that there may ultimately be a total of 4,000 deaths attributable to the accident, due to an increased cancer risk.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Greenpeace **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">is a non-governmental organisation with a goal to “ensure the ablity of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity”. //Greenpeace focuses on worldwide issues such as global warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling and anti-nuclear issues, and uses lobbying and research to achieve its results.//


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Earth Summits **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">are conferences held every 10 years to address environmental issues with head of governments from all around the world and some heads of non-government organizations. //In 1992, the Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro from the 3rd to the 14th of June.//

<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">//The Gaia Theory was originally proposed by James Lovelock and is frequently described as viewing the Earth as a single organism.//
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">The Gaia Theory **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">describes the earth as a single integrated system able to maintain homeostatic equilibrium ideal for life through feedback controls and able to protect itself from attack.

**<span style="display: block; font-family: Cambria,serif; text-align: center;"> ESS Holiday Homework Part 2 ** //<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Look at newspaper headlines for one week. Copy out the headlines that refer to environmental issues. Put these in a table or a notice board. //
 * || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Good News || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Bad News ||
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Tuesday 11th January ||  || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Deadly torrent hits city ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Water shatters resources, farming and small business ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Floods not once every 100 years ||
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Wednesday 12th January || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Melbourne lauded for least water use since ‘83 || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Brisbane braces for disaster ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Horrific images ‘spook’ a city facing the great unknown (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Brisbane braces for flood disaster ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">‘Spooked’ city faces unknown (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">‘Darkness at noon lent a weird, disaster movie aesthetic to the massive leave-taking’ (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Peak leaves city severed and submerged (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Stunned residents relieve the horror (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Risk of deadly diseases for residents (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Fates conspire to concoct a recipe for disaster (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Arson destroys homes as residents flee blaze ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Fire and rain: the lessons of natural disasters ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Building more dams is no way to prevent flood catastrophe ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">The clean-up job in Haiti is far from over ||
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Thursday 13th January || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Bob and his ‘ark’ deliver survivors to dry land (floods) || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">I tried to swim to reach my mum, but I only got halfway (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Flood alert in Victoria as further deluge predicted ||
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;"> Friday 14th January || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Help arrives for thousands (floods) || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Exhausted, grieving, residents mop up and move on (floods) ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">All the rubbish of Ipswich but couple still feed lucky (floods) || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Towns abandoned as wall of water rolls through, but wider threat eases ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">2010: A record wet year || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Flash flooding hits Victoria ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">State takes two steps back on conservation ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Drowning in a hot house ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">It’s time to talk of climate change ||
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Saturday 15th January || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Sea Shepherd in control as whalers face battle to refuel || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Massive clean-up begins (floods) ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Room for hope as flood waters subside || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Thousands forced to leave home (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Two floods in four months (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Disaster expert urges a retreat from the coast ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">More of Australia getting hot and wet extremes ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">I love a sunburnt country… A land of flooding rains (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Nowhere to hide from the mayhem when the river comes (floods) ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Freak weather brings misery to millions ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">1 million flee homes after Sri Lanka monsoon ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Storms kill 500 in Brazil’s worst natural disaster, toll could rise ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Philippine floods, landslides destroy homes ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">After the deluge ||
 * ^  ||   || <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Will the deluge change the face of Queensland? ||
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Sunday 16th January ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif;">Monday 17th January ||  ||   ||